Web3 represents the next phase of the internet, characterized by decentralization, user ownership and equitable value distribution. Like all new technologies, its success depends on addressing market needs and understanding user challenges. However, many Web3 initiatives have missed achieving a product-market fit, often adopting a “build it and they will come” approach. This mindset has been harmful, especially during market downturns. While the core principles of product-market fit (PMF) remain consistent, their application in the Web3 context has evolved.
Product-market fit levers
The PMF equation is one of the hardest problems to crack in Web2 as well with most startups not making it to this stage. Most Web3 protocols have alo not shown their ability to cross the chasm of a product-market fit. This is largely due to attraction speculators rather than real users — many may not survive this brutal crypto winter. My thoughts around PMF have been formulated by applying Web2 principles learned over several years of operating SaaS companies for years with some notable successes and some failures.
Pragmatically speaking, PMF is only about two levers — customers or developers using the product at a high frequency (usage) and over a prolonged time (retention). If one can crack the code on both of these, you are on a path to achieving PMF.
Web3 challenges, risks and opportunities
While principles of PMF remain constant for any product, in any era, there are nuances to Web3 due to its decentralized nature and community ownership. While most people accept groundbreaking technology with blockchain, very few Web3 projects/platforms have reached scale through PMF.
Nuanced network effects
Network effects drove Web2 platforms’ success, wooing builders and investors for years. While some predict stronger network effects in Web3, others argue that Web3 might diminish them due to a lack of defensibility.
Web2 platforms, like eBay, are primarily driven by market participants and manage their own infrastructure, funding and governance internally. A Web3 variant must operate on a wider scale, involving not just the market but also infrastructure, financing and governance layers. Web3 platforms coordinate infrastructure, manage token liquidity for funding and value appreciation and adopt a more inclusive governance approach. Crucially, Web3’s value is deeply rooted in its community, with users playing a central role in its value creation, unlike the user-centric community of Web2.
Web2 platforms gained defensibility through four primary forms of accumulated value: data, content, reputation and influence. These stored values, coupled with high switching costs, let Web2 platforms benefit from extensive extraction practices, whether through high take rates or data collection. However, with diminishing switching costs and all attributes being portable in Web3, network effects are less defensible.
Token mechanics
Tokens play a crucial role in Web3’s market strategy, aiding in achieving network momentum. However, an overemphasis on tokens can mislead one into believing they’ve achieved a product-market fit (PMF). True PMF is based on the product’s inherent value and utility. Merely using tokens to boost usage without a solid product can be costly and risks devaluing treasury assets.
Users attracted only by monetary gains aren’t loyal; they often leave when token values drop. Successful Web3 products like dydx, Uniswap and Arbitrum achieved PMF before introducing tokens. While tokens can incentivize the acquisition of developers and users, relying on them prematurely has led many projects astray — especially when market dynamics shift. Tokens might boost engagement in bullish times, but in bearish phases, they can lead to increased attrition, especially if the underlying platform lacks substance.
PMF metrics
The PMF journey does not unfold overnight and entails several iterations, trial and error scenarios and some planned testing with demand and usage. This is a 12- to 18-month journey. The key levers of a PMF are important to understand. In Web3, while tokens can help catalyze and bootstrap the go-to-market motion or scale the PMF once established, it is not a substitute for PMF and may also create a false sense of achievement.
The general theory around PMF points to NPS(Net Promoter Score) surveys, etc. Conventionally, Web3 folks have chased vanity metrics (e.g., community size on specific channels like Telegram or X, the number of dapp downloads, influencer endorsements, etc.). These vanity metrics do not drive towards PMF. A PMF hinges on two fundamental levers: frequency of product usage and retention of users creating Customer Lifetime Value (CLTV).
Frequency of usage
If the product is not used frequently, it is not in demand and users will eventually not see value in price satisfaction and churn. In Web3, the frequency of usage is correlated to token movements, transaction volume and utility consumption. Any increase in these metrics indicates a drive towards PMF.
Retention of users
Token-catalyzed user acquisition is only the beginning, there is no guarantee these are the right users, and retention of users on the platform indicates real growth. Key measures of retention include DAU (daily active users) and MAU (monthly active users). A MAU/DAU ratio of greater than 30 supports an emerging pattern on PMF. Anything below 10 indicates problems ahead, while a ratio over 60 depicts a roaring achievement of product-market-fit.
An in-demand product drives frequency of usage and user retention. It depicts long-term, sustainable demand with a good CLTV. Throwing tokens alone will never help achieve PMF.
Concluding practical advice
- Make the product useful. This will create usage, retention and ultimately the token price. Pouring money or creating tokens before PMF is expensive and only dilutes the treasury.
- Useful and usable products create engaged communities. Speculator communities do not create useful products.
- Vanity metrics like headcount, followers, downloads, celebrity endorsements and even token prices are short-lived, causing distractions from the PMF path.
- PR, crypto conferences and marketing agencies do not help PMF. They can only help amplify your cause once PMF is found.
- Design viral features into products and platforms. Pure token incentives can drive speculation and hype but not virality or PMF. Any pivots must be oriented towards driving frequency of usage and higher user retention.
Nitin Kumar is a growth CEO and co-founder at zblocks. He is a recognized leader, author, former consulting partner and VC investor.
This article was published through Cointelegraph Innovation Circle, a vetted organization of senior executives and experts in the blockchain technology industry who are building the future through the power of connections, collaboration and thought leadership. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of Cointelegraph.